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Ebles II of Roucy
Ebles II (died May 1103), also called Eble or Ebale,〔This name has been found in Latin as ''Ebalus'', ''Ebolus'', ''Ebulus'' or ''Evulus''.〕 was the second Count of Roucy (1063–1103) of the House of Montdidier. He was the son and successor of Hilduin IV of Montdidier and Alice (Alix), daughter of Ebles I of Roucy. He is famous for his participation in the ''Reconquista'' (the war against Muslim Spain), as well as for being one of the unruly barons of the Île-de-France subjugated by King Louis VI while he was still a prince. His life and character are summed up by Suger in his history of the reign of Louis VI: "Ebles was a man of great military prowess—indeed he became so bold that one day he set out for Spain with an army of a size fit only for a king—his feats of arms only made him more outrageous and rapacious in pillage, rape and all over evils."〔Jean Dunbabin, trans., (''Abbot Suger: Life of King Louis the Fat'' ), Internet Medieval Sourcebook (October 1999). In this translation of the ''Vita Ludovici'' the fifth chapter is titled "Concerning Ebles, Count of Roucy".〕
==Spanish crusade of 1073==
On 30 April 1073 Pope Gregory VII authorised a new crusade against the Muslims in Spain.〔Bernard F. Reilly, ''The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031–1157'', (Blackwell, 1995), 69.〕 (The Barbastro Crusade of a decade earlier had failed to achieve anything lasting.) In the bull, addressed to "all the princes () in the land of Spain", Gregory asserted Papal suzerainty over the Iberian peninsula—"we believe the kingdom of Spain to have been from antiquity the rightful property of Saint Peter"—and informed them that he had ceded this right to Ebles of Roucy.〔Bernard F. Reilly, ''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109'' (Princeton, 1988), 80–81. The Latin of Gregory's missive is “''omnibus principus in terram Hyspaniae''” and “''credimus regnum Hyspanie ab antiquo proprii iuris sancti Petri fuisse''”. Two letters of Gregory dated the same day survive, one to the Papal legates then in southern France and another to the barons of France wishing to participate in the venture. They can be found in Ephraim Emerton, ''The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII: Selected Letters from the ''Registrum (Columbia, 1990), 4–6.〕 The negotiations between Ebles and the Holy See had been conducted by Gregory as legate before he became Pope on 22 April, and his letter makes clear there had been prior letters between Ebles and Pope Alexander II.〔Carl Erdmann, ''The Origin of the Idea of Crusade'' (Princeton, 1977), 155–56: "in letters ... of Alexander and in our legation ... by the pact he made with us concerning the land of Spain in the writing which we gave him" (''in litteris ... Alexandri et nostra quoque legatione ... pactione quam nobiscum de terra Hypsaniae pepigit in scripto, quod sibi dedimus'').〕 Ebles made a pact (''pactio'') with the Holy See whereby the lands he conquered in Spain would be held by him as a Papal fiefdom "for the honour of Saint Peter".〔Erdmann (1977), 156 n84: ''ad honorem sancti Petri''.〕 Four fragments of bulls issued by Alexander granting the plenary indulgence for engaging in a holy war have been customarily dated to the campaign against Barbastro (1063–64) but may belong to that of Ebles.〔Charles J. Bishko, "Fernando I and the Origins of the Leonese-Castilian Alliance With Cluny", ''Cuadernos de Historia de España'' 48 (1969), 56.〕
Ebles was probably a relative of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon, both descending from the Dukes of Aquitaine.〔Sancho's mother was Gisberga, daughter of Bernard-Roger of Foix, who was probably descended from the dukes on his father's side. Ebles I of Roucy was the illegitimate son of Ebles of Poitiers, a younger son of William IV of Aquitaine, whose paternal grandfather was Ebles Manzer. Ebles II and Sancho are called cousins in Reilly (1988), 80.〕 On 25 May Sancho Garcés IV, the ruler of Navarre, and his neighbour, Ahmad al-Muqtadir, the ruler of Zaragoza, concluded an alliance by treaty against the planned crusade. For reasons unknown, the crusade never took place,〔Reilly (1988), 81.〕 or at least left no record of its accomplishments, which must in any case have been meagre.〔Erdmann (1977), 224.〕 According to one historian,〔Pierre David, "Gregoire VII, Cluny et Alphonse VI", ''Études historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VIe au XIIe siècle'' (Paris: 1947), 341–39.〕 the crusade may have been frustrated by Gerald of Ostia, Papal legate, Cardinal and Cluniac, as part of the efforts of the Abbey of Cluny to support the Kingdom of León–Castile in its rivalry with the Kingdom of Aragon. The Papacy under Alexander and Gregory supported the Aragones,〔Bishko (1969), 54.〕 and at least some of Alfonso VI of Castile's actions in 1073 can be seen as a response to the projected crusade.〔 The appointment of Gerald, a former grand prior of Cluny, and the archdeacon Raimbald as legates in Spain may have been intended originally by Alexander II to appease Alfonso VI or his predecessor, Sancho II, by assuring them that their claims on the ''parias'' of Zaragoza (which, along with allied Navarre, felt threatened by the crusade) were not in jeopardy. Upon becoming Pope, however, Gregory removed Gerald from this position and instated Hugh Candidus, a veteran of the crusade of Barbastro and a friend of the king of Aragon.〔He did allow Gerald to appoint advisors to his replacement, but the change appears to have been pro-Aragonese and hence anti-Castilian, cf. Bishko (1969), 77–78.〕 In February 1074 Gregory was busy pushing Sancho, a recognised Papal vassal since 1068, to act against the Muslims.〔 Sancho at some point took as his second wife Felicia (Félicie), perhaps the sister of Ebles.〔This marriage can be placed anywhere between 1068 (David (), 367) and 1075, but it is possible that Felicia was rather the daughter of Ermengol III of Urgell and his first or second wife Clemencia, cf. Bishko (1969), 55 n344.〕
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